The European Union has set an ambitious goal of achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, a target that requires a comprehensive and sustainable energy transition. Nuclear energy, as a reliable and low-carbon energy source, should play a critical role in this transition. The path to decarbonisation is nevertheless complex as it will require a balance of economic viability, industrial market dynamics, effective policy frameworks, and public engagement. 

Nuclear energy can contribute to Europe's decarbonisation efforts in an efficient and responsible manner, as a baseload low-carbon electricity, but also for industrial heat applications, to complement renewables, to create a balanced and resilient energy system, and to reduce the need for fossil fuel.

The economic landscape of nuclear energy is shaped by both challenges and opportunities, high initial costs but long-term operational lifetimes (60+ years) of large-scale Nuclear Power Plants and low operating costs make them definitely economically viable. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) can offer a more flexible and cost-effective alternative. They are complementing large reactors and would be suited to smaller grids, dedicated industrial applications or remote areas e.g. cogeneration, H2 production, district heating, etc. The nuclear industry based on a robust supply chain, high-quality jobs in engineering, construction and manufacturing, contributes to economic growth and industrial competitiveness in Europe, and worldwide due to high demand in emerging markets.

Effective policies and regulations are essential to harness the potential of nuclear energy. A unified and consensual regulatory framework across EU Member States can streamline the licensing and construction of nuclear projects, reducing delays and costs. Support for innovation policies, research and development in advanced nuclear technologies, SMRs and Generation IV reactors, is crucial for maintaining Europe's leadership in the sector. Last and not the least, the safe and responsible management of the spent fuel and radioactive waste management is a prerequisite to any future nuclear activity. National and European energy plans should recognise nuclear as a key component of EU’s decarbonisation’s strategy, to ensure consistent investment, support and financing mechanisms as global competition with other regions of the globe is fierce. Stringent European safeguards and safety regulations are essential to maintain public trust and ensure the peaceful use of nuclear technologies.

Public perception of nuclear energy is critical in its adoption and expansion.  Clear and transparent communication related to the benefits and risks of nuclear energy is essential. Educational campaigns and stakeholder involvement in engaging local communities, policymakers, and industry in decision-making processes ensures that diverse perspectives are considered. The European Nuclear Young Generation Forum (YGN) is also there to inspire the next generation of nuclear professionals and advocates.

Europe can surely unlock the full potential of nuclear energy, securing a cleaner, safer, and more prosperous future for the wealth and health of its citizens. Europe is also well-positioned to build a broad societal consensus and to lead the global fight against climate change.

Europe’s nuclear assets are critical to its energy security, economic stability, and decarbonisation goals. Ensuring their safe and efficient operation, as well as managing radioactive waste responsibly, is paramount. This requires innovative approaches to Long-Term Operation (LTO), pre-disposal and long-term storage solutions, and continuous radiation protection enhancements.

Focusing on preserving Europe’s nuclear infrastructure while pioneering advances for a safe, secure and sustainable future, requires extending the operational life of existing nuclear power plants. It is the most cost-effective way to maintain low-carbon electricity generation while new capacity is being developed. These key aspects include performance assessment, ageing management mitigation, digitalisation and advanced monitoring, the use of digital twins and Artificial Intelligence (AI), and comprehensive periodic safety assessments in compliance with evolving regulatory standards. Operational strategies include life extension, upgrade of critical components e.g. replacing pressure vessels and steam generators, etc., a flexible operation enabling load-following, and complementing intermittent renewable energy sources. Strengthening infrastructures’ resilience is continuously needed to withstand extreme weather events such as floods, heatwaves, to ensure sustainable water use for cooling and respect the legislation in vigor, particularly in regions facing water scarcity, and storms, which are becoming more frequent due to climate change.

Effective Radioactive Waste Management (RWM) is essential for the sustainability goals of nuclear energy. Europe is pioneering innovative solutions for interim and long-term storage. Deep Geological Repositories (DGRs) were rigorously developed, located in Finland’s Onkalo, Sweden’s Forsmark, and France’s Cigeo to safely isolate high-level waste for thousands of years. These assessments ensure high confidence in the long-term integrity of disposal sites, as it included experimental validation and verification in Underground Research Laboratories (URLs) of modelling of geological, hydrological, and chemical processes alongside building trust and acceptance through transparent communication and stakeholder involvement in the site selection and development process.

Radiation protection enhancements, protecting workers, the public, and the environment from radiation is a cornerstone of nuclear safety and the EU legislation. Operational strategies ensuring radiation exposure ‘As Low As Reasonably Achievable’ (ALARA) objective is achieved through optimised operational practices and advanced shielding technologies, robotics and automation today. Accident prevention and mitigation benefit from enhanced safety systems, but also enhanced Severe Accident Management strategies to manage potential beyond-design-basis events, or in a context of war in Ukraine, and further development of Emergency Response protocols. Research and Innovation also enabled digital real-time dosimetry monitoring and radiation resistant materials.

Pioneering advances for safe horizons enable Europe to be at the forefront of nuclear innovation, by developing SMRs with enhanced safety features, to provide flexible and scalable energy solutions, and invest in next Generation-IV reactors offering improved safety, efficiency, and radioactive waste management. International Joint Research Programmes (or Partnerships) leverage all partners’ participation in multinational research projects to address common challenges, such as innovative reactor systems, radioactive waste management and radiation protection. Collaborations benefit from knowledge sharing, knowledge management and knowledge preservation together with international organisations e.g. IAEA, OECD/NEA, HERCA, IRCP, UNSCEAR, etc. by ensuring best practices and advancing global nuclear safety standards are systematically being capitalised.

These efforts, supported by international cooperation and adaptation to climate change, will pave the way for a safe, secure, and sustainable energy future.

Europe’s nuclear assets are critical to its energy security, economic stability, and decarbonisation goals. Ensuring their safe and efficient operation, as well as managing radioactive waste responsibly, is paramount. This requires innovative approaches to Long-Term Operation (LTO), pre-disposal and long-term storage solutions, and continuous radiation protection enhancements.

Focusing on preserving Europe’s nuclear infrastructure while pioneering advances for a safe, secure and sustainable future, requires extending the operational life of existing nuclear power plants. It is the most cost-effective way to maintain low-carbon electricity generation while new capacity is being developed. These key aspects include performance assessment, ageing management mitigation, digitalisation and advanced monitoring, the use of digital twins and Artificial Intelligence (AI), and comprehensive periodic safety assessments in compliance with evolving regulatory standards. Operational strategies include life extension, upgrade of critical components e.g. replacing pressure vessels and steam generators, etc., a flexible operation enabling load-following, and complementing intermittent renewable energy sources. Strengthening infrastructures’ resilience is continuously needed to withstand extreme weather events such as floods, heatwaves, to ensure sustainable water use for cooling and respect the legislation in vigor, particularly in regions facing water scarcity, and storms, which are becoming more frequent due to climate change.

Effective Radioactive Waste Management (RWM) is essential for the sustainability goals of nuclear energy. Europe is pioneering innovative solutions for interim and long-term storage. Deep Geological Repositories (DGRs) were rigorously developed, located in Finland’s Onkalo, Sweden’s Forsmark, and France’s Cigeo to safely isolate high-level waste for thousands of years. These assessments ensure high confidence in the long-term integrity of disposal sites, as it included experimental validation and verification in Underground Research Laboratories (URLs) of modelling of geological, hydrological, and chemical processes alongside building trust and acceptance through transparent communication and stakeholder involvement in the site selection and development process.

Radiation protection enhancements, protecting workers, the public, and the environment from radiation is a cornerstone of nuclear safety and the EU legislation. Operational strategies ensuring radiation exposure ‘As Low As Reasonably Achievable’ (ALARA) objective is achieved through optimised operational practices and advanced shielding technologies, robotics and automation today. Accident prevention and mitigation benefit from enhanced safety systems, but also enhanced Severe Accident Management strategies to manage potential beyond-design-basis events, or in a context of war in Ukraine, and further development of Emergency Response protocols. Research and Innovation also enabled digital real-time dosimetry monitoring and radiation resistant materials.

Pioneering advances for safe horizons enable Europe to be at the forefront of nuclear innovation, by developing SMRs with enhanced safety features, to provide flexible and scalable energy solutions, and invest in next Generation-IV reactors offering improved safety, efficiency, and radioactive waste management. International Joint Research Programmes (or Partnerships) leverage all partners’ participation in multinational research projects to address common challenges, such as innovative reactor systems, radioactive waste management and radiation protection. Collaborations benefit from knowledge sharing, knowledge management and knowledge preservation together with international organisations e.g. IAEA, OECD/NEA, HERCA, IRCP, UNSCEAR, etc. by ensuring best practices and advancing global nuclear safety standards are systematically being capitalised.

These efforts, supported by international cooperation and adaptation to climate change, will pave the way for a safe, secure, and sustainable energy future.

The construction of new nuclear power plants (NPPs), research reactors, underground research laboratories (URLs), and radioactive waste management (RWM) facilities in Europe has provided valuable insights into how delivering projects on time and within budget could be challenging. By leveraging advanced methodologies, technologies, and best practices, and fostering international cooperation, knowledge management, and capability building, Europe can ensure the successful deployment of new nuclear infrastructures.

Recent nuclear new build projects in Europe, being industrial such as Olkiluoto 3 (Finland), Flamanville 3 (France), Bohunice (SK) and Hinkley Point C (UK), or for research such as Jules Horowitz (France), PALLAS (NL) or for Deep Geological Repositories (DGRs) Onkalo (FI), Forsmark (SE), and Cigeo (FR) have highlighted both challenges and opportunities. Challenges relate to projects which have faced significant cost overruns and delays due to regulatory hurdles, supply chain issues, and first-of-a-kind (FOAK) complexities, etc. Inconsistent regulatory frameworks across countries have created barriers to efficiently execute projects. A shortage of skilled workers in the nuclear sector has impacted construction timelines and quality. Early and continuous engagement with regulators, local communities, and industry stakeholders is critical to overcome challenges. Lessons learned from FOAK projects have provided valuable lessons that can be applied to subsequent builds, significantly reducing risks and improving performance.

Innovative approaches and technologies are essential to improve the efficiency and reliability of nuclear new builds. Prefabricating components in controlled manufacturing environments reduces on-site construction time and improves the quality delivered. Using 3D modeling and digital twins to optimise design and construction processes help minimise errors and non-conformities. Digitalisation and automation, implementing Building Information Modeling (BIM) for an integrated project management, enable real-time collaboration and data sharing among stakeholders, for inspections, maintenance, and construction tasks, as such improving safety and efficiency. Applying agile principles to project management allow for iterative development and continuous improvement, while implementing robust risk management frameworks help to identify, assess and mitigate potential issues as early as possible in the project lifecycle.

Best practices for delivering on time and budget from successful projects can only help ensure the timely and cost-effective delivery of new nuclear infrastructures. It requires early planning and design, investing in comprehensive front-end planning and design to minimise changes within a fleet approach and delays during construction, but also by establishing a clear design freeze point to prevent costly and time-consuming modifications. Supply chain optimization happens when prioritising local suppliers to reduce lead times and transportation costs. Building long-term partnerships with key suppliers ensure reliability and quality deliveries. Advocating for harmonised regulatory standards across Europe should streamline approvals and reduce uncertainty. Engaging regulators early in the project strongly help to align on requirements and expectations.

Cooperation with international partners is crucial for sharing knowledge, resources, and best practices. Participating in international forums, such as the IAEA and OECD/NEA, definitely help to exchange best practices and lessons learned.

Capacity building, retaining knowledge and capabilities within Europe is essential for a sustained success. Workforce development is at stake through implementing comprehensive training programmes to develop the skills needed for nuclear new builds. Facilitating knowledge transfer from experienced professionals to the next generation of nuclear workers is mandatory. Supporting collaborative research and innovation initiatives to advance nuclear technologies and methodologies, by establishing innovation hubs to foster creativity and problem-solving in the nuclear sector is compulsory.

European (and international) Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) play a critical role in financing and delivering nuclear new build projects. Leveraging Taxonomy green bonds and other sustainable financing instruments should help to fund nuclear projects. Risk sharing structuring PPPs, to share risks and rewards, between public and private partners should be ensured thanks to a strong government support for nuclear new builds and enable favorable policies and incentives. Engaging the public is essential to build any support for nuclear energy and address concerns about safety and cost.

The successful deployment of new nuclear in Europe requires a holistic approach that integrates advanced methodologies, technologies and best practices. By learning from past experiences, fostering international cooperation, building knowledge and capabilities, Europe can overcome the challenges. Public-Private partnerships and a strong policy support will be essential to realising this vision, ensuring that nuclear energy continues to play its vital role in Europe's energy mix and decarbonisation efforts. With a commitment to continuous improvement and innovation, Europe can lead the way in the global nuclear renaissance.

The European Union is at a pivotal moment in its energy transition, with nuclear energy playing a crucial role in achieving climate neutrality while ensuring EU's strategic competitiveness, energy security and strategic autonomy. To harness the full potential of nuclear innovation, the EU must adopt a holistic approach and focus on key enablers that can drive technological advancements, secure the necessary investments, and foster collaborative efforts towards EU's strategic competitiveness and autonomy.

Technological enablers drive innovations in advanced reactor designs and in radioactive waste management such as SMRs (or AMRs) that will offer flexibility, scalability, and reduced capital costs or such as innovative materials for advanced innovative systems, the conditioning of radioactive waste and the design of the radwaste canisters for DGRs. Innovative materials for reactor components, development of materials resistant to extreme conditions (e.g., high neutron flux irradiation, temperature, and pressure) is critical for improving reactor long-term operation and safety (e.g. silicon carbide composites and advanced alloys). Fuels innovation, research on Accident-Tolerant Fuels (ATFs) and advanced close fuel cycles can enhance safety, reduce radioactive waste management, and optimise the use of resources. Mixed oxide (MOX) fuels and Thorium-based fuels in the longer term are promising avenues. Digital technologies, Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) can help optimise reactor and any infrastructure’s operations, predict maintenance needs, and enhance comprehensive safety protocols. Digital twins, as virtual replicas of physical reactors, waste packages or disposal facilities, can simulate and improve their performance in real-time. As nuclear facilities become more digitised, robust cybersecurity measures are essential to protect these critical infrastructures from cyber threats.

Financial enablers should help securing investment and reducing costs. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) and collaborative funding models shared between governments, industry, and financial institutions can de-risk investments and accelerate the deployment of innovative nuclear technologies. EU funding mechanisms, research and innovation programmes like Horizon Europe and Euratom, the European Innovation Council (EIC) and Institute of Technology (EIT), and the European Investment Bank (EIB) should help prioritise nuclear innovation, by providing grants, loans, and guarantees for research, development, and deployment (RD&D). Green financing, as nuclear is included in the EU Taxonomy’ delegated act for sustainable investments, enables access to green bonds and other sustainable finance instruments. Encouraging the deployment of multiple units will drive down costs through economies of scale and accumulated operational experience. Lifecycle cost optimisation integrating cost considerations into the design phase, from construction to decommissioning, also help ensure long-term economic viability.

Collaborative enablers foster international and industry Partnerships, global knowledge sharing, strengthening its geopolitical influence and economic competitiveness. The EU and Euratom actively participate in international forums like the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Generation-IV International Forum (GIF) to collaborate on R&D, to share best practices, and to help harmonise standards. Cross-border projects, joint ventures with non-EU countries, such as Canada, Japan, Korea, US etc. can leverage complementary expertise and resources e.g. the Jules Horowitz Reactor (JHR), the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) demonstrate the power of global collaboration. Collaborative R&D and industry Partnerships are bringing together utilities, technology providers, research institutions, and startups to accelerate innovations. The successful EURAD Partnership on Radioactive Waste Management launched in 2019 marked for instance a paradigm change towards collaborative R&D involving all of the relevant stakeholders and technological platforms. The ‘European Industrial Alliance on SMRs’ launched from 2024 could be an exemplary model, e.g. by strengthening the EU's nuclear supply chain partnerships to reduce dependencies on external suppliers and enhance resilience, building collaborative efforts between industry and academia for capacities’ building which are essential to address the skills gap in the nuclear sector, to ensure a robust pipeline of talents for future innovations.

Innovative nuclear fuel cycles and advanced materials are pivotal to enhancing the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of nuclear energy. By developing advanced fuel types, optimising fuel cycles, and minimising radioactive waste management impacts, the EU can move towards a circular economy in the nuclear sector. Additionally, fully understanding the long-term behaviour of the spent fuel and designing solutions for its disposal is a prerequisite to any further development of the fuel cycle.

Fuel cycle innovations will surely enhance safety and sustainability. Accident-Tolerant Fuels (ATFs) are designed to withstand severe accident conditions, such as loss of coolant, without releasing any harmful radiation. They enhance reactor safety and extend the operational life of nuclear plants e.g. coated zirconium cladding to reduce hydrogen production, silicon carbide (SiC) composites for improved thermal and radiation resistance, uranium silicide (U3Si2) fuels with higher thermal conductivity and uranium density. Advanced and innovative fuel types such as Mixed Oxide fuels (MOX) which blend plutonium with natural or depleted uranium, enable the reuse of plutonium from spent fuel, reducing radioactive waste and enhancing resource efficiency. High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium (HALEU) with uranium enrichment levels between 5% and 20%, is essential for advanced reactors from early 2030s’, including LWR-SMRs and some Generation-IV reactors, offering higher efficiency and longer fuel cycles. Thorium-based fuels could be used, in the longer term with a few challenges solved, as an alternative to uranium, offering benefits such as reduced long-lived radioactive waste and greater abundance. Multi-recycling of nuclear fuel maximises resource utilisation and minimises radioactive waste as technologies like advanced reprocessing can extract more energy from spent fuel. Closed fuel cycle strategies allow spent fuel to be reprocessed to recover hugely valuable usable materials (e.g., plutonium, uranium), which are then reused in reactors. This approach reduces the need for fresh uranium and minimises radioactive waste. Advanced reprocessing technologies, Partitioning and Transmutation (P&T) separates long-lived radioactive isotopes from spent fuel and to transmute them into shorter-lived or stable isotopes, in dedicated transmuters e.g. MYRRHA Accelerator Driven System (ADS), Fast Neutron Reactors (FR) or Breeders, significantly reduces the radiotoxicity of waste and Deep Geological Repository needs. Pyro-processing, a high-temperature electrochemical process used for reprocessing spent fuel from fast reactors, also offers advantages in waste reduction and proliferation resistance.

A Circular Economy will benefit from enhanced radioactive waste minimisation technologies, but also optimised fuel fabrication techniques enabling the production of fuels with higher burn-up rates, as such reducing the volume of spent fuel generated. Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) continuously evaluates the environmental impact of nuclear fuel cycles, from mining to radioactive waste disposal, to identify opportunities for waste reduction and resource optimisation, by compacting waste forms or developing durable waste forms such as glass matrices ensuring safe long-term storage of radioactive waste. There are still key technological gaps that have to be addressed to safely dispose of the spent fuel such as criticality in a DGR (Deep Geological Repository) conditions. Recycling, recovering and reusing materials from spent fuel can reduce its environmental footprint and further help the nuclear sector move toward a true circular economy. Waste-to-Energy technologies like Fast Reactors (FR Generation-IV, or ADS) can utilise spent fuel as a resource, converting waste into energy and further minimising waste volumes.

Enabling advanced and innovative nuclear technologies such as high-temperature and corrosion-resistant materials applications are critical for advanced reactors. High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs) and Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) operate at extreme temperatures and in corrosive environments e.g. Nickel-based superalloys for high-temperature components, or graphite and ceramic composites for reactor cores and heat exchangers. Radioactive Waste Management (RWM) barrier materials such as bentonite clay and titanium alloys are used in multi-barrier systems to isolate radioactive waste from the environment. Long-term storage solutions research into materials that can withstand radiation and geological conditions over millennia is essential for safe Deep Geological Repositories.

Innovative nuclear fuel cycles and materials strategies are essential for advancing the safety, sustainability, and efficiency of nuclear energy, together with international cooperation and policy support to realise the full potential of these innovations.

The integration of advanced technologies such as robotics, digital twins, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionising the nuclear energy sector as any other one. By leveraging these cutting-edge methodologies, the nuclear industry can address complex challenges, optimise infrastructure operations, and ensure long-term viability. Innovations are pivotal in enhancing further safety, efficiency, and sustainability of nuclear applications.

Advanced methodologies and technologies benefit today from digital twins, having virtual replicas of physical nuclear facilities, that enable simulation and optimisation of works and services or real-time monitoring. They allow operators to predict systems’ behavior, to help identify potential failures, and to test scenarios without disrupting the actual operations. High-precision 3D scanning technologies create detailed models of facilities, aiding any design, maintenance or decommissioning activities. These models also improve any maintenance, inspection activities and reduce risks during complex operations. Robots equipped with AI and advanced sensors can perform tasks in hazardous environments to reduce human exposure.

Instrumentation, monitoring, predictive maintenance, and AI-driven monitoring systems algorithms process vast amounts of data from sensors and instrumentation to detect anomalies, predict equipment failures, and optimise their performance. This proactive approach minimises downtime and enhances safety. Predictive maintenance, machine learning models predict when components are likely to fail, allowing for timely maintenance and reducing the risk of unexpected outages or accidents. Radiation monitoring, AI-powered systems improve radiation detection and monitoring, ensuring compliance with safety standards and protecting workers and the environment.

Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, AI algorithms can help optimise reactor performance, fuel usage, energy output, BIM models and predictive long-term scenario of radioactive waste behaviour, leading to more efficient and sustainable nuclear operations. AI models simulate various operational scenarios, helping decision-makers prepare for emergencies, optimise resource allocation, and improve the overall resilience of the infrastructure. Machine learning extracts valuable insights from historical and real-time data, enabling continuous improvement in nuclear processes and safety protocols.

Successes and project learnings, case studies at several nuclear facilities having successfully implemented AI and digital twin technologies, demonstrate significant improvements in safety, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of the projects. For example, digital twins have been used to simulate reactor behavior under extreme conditions, providing critical insights for emergency preparedness. Lessons learned from other projects have highlighted the importance of integrating AI with robust cybersecurity measures to protect sensitive data and ensure the reliability of digital systems. AI can also facilitate the integration of nuclear energy with intermittent renewable sources, creating hybrid energy systems that enhance grid stability and sustainability. Advanced Robotics continued advancements will enable complex tasks to be automated, further reducing human exposure to hazardous environments. And international cooperation, sharing knowledge and best practices across the global nuclear community will accelerate the adoption of these technologies and drive innovation beyond technologies.

The application of AI, digital twins, and other advanced technologies is transforming the nuclear energy sector. By embracing these innovations, the industry can achieve safer, more efficient deployment, and sustainable operations, ensuring its critical role in the global energy transition. Continued investment in research, development, and collaboration in these cross-sectorial topics will be essential to fully realize the potential of these technologies.

 

Euratom projects that could be of interest: SEAKNOT * II-III SA Knowledge Management, SASPAM-SA * II-III SA SMR Emergency Management, ASSAS * II-III SA Simulator PWR, MUSA * II-III SA Uncertainties Severe Accidents, AMHYCO * II-III H2 Accident Management, SOCRATES * II-III SA Liq. Source Term assessment, R2CA * II-III PSA Design Basis / Ext. Accident, BESEP * II-III PSA Benchmark, INNO4GRAPH * WM Decom Graphite, LD-SAFE * WM Decom Laser tech, PLEIADES * WM DECOM Innov. Platform Processes, DORADO * WM Decom Digital twins, CLEAN-DEM * WM Decom Digital Robotics, XS-ABILITY * WM Decom Instrumentation AI Characterisation, EURAD-2 * WM DITOCO: Digital Twins to support Optimisation, Construction and Operation of RWM facilities, EURAD-2 * WM HERMES: High Fidelity Numerical simulations for strongly coupled processes for repository systems with physical models and machine learning

Nuclear energy is not limited to electricity generation. It also holds significant potential to address non-electric energy demand through cogeneration and hybrid energy systems. By simultaneously producing electricity and useful heat (or other forms of energy), nuclear power plants can significantly improve the overall energy efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance energy security. This approach aligns with global efforts to decarbonise energy-intensive sectors and a transition to a sustainable energy future.

Nuclear solutions to non-electric energy demand, nuclear cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP), involves the simultaneous production of electricity and thermal energy. Nuclear reactors, particularly Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and Advanced Generation-IV reactors, are well-suited for cogeneration due to their high-temperature capabilities and enhanced flexibility. Nuclear energy can provide low-carbon heat for district heating systems, replacing fossil fuel-based systems in urban areas. This application is particularly relevant in colder regions, northern and central Europe, and where heating demand is high. High-temperature heat from nuclear reactors can support energy-intensive industrial processes, such as steel, cement, and chemical production, which are traditionally reliant on fossil fuels. Nuclear energy can produce hydrogen through high-temperature electrolysis or thermochemical water splitting, offering a clean and scalable solution for decarbonising sectors like transportation and industry. Nuclear-powered desalination plants can provide fresh water in water-scarce regions, addressing both energy and water security challenges.

Economic benefits of cogeneration are known as it maximises the utilisation of energy produced by nuclear reactors, significantly improving the overall plant efficiency. Additional revenue streams are provided by diversifying energy outputs (electricity, heat, hydrogen, etc.), improving their economic viability. Large and Small Modular Reactors, existing and innovative designs hold significant potential. Many existing nuclear power plants can be retrofitted for cogeneration, leveraging their existing infrastructure to produce heat alongside electricity. SMRs are ideal for cogeneration due to their compact size, modularity, and ability to be deployed in diverse locations, including remote areas and industrial hubs.

Scaling up the deployment of advanced reactors needs a strong policy support. Governments, industries, end-users and International Organisations can play a key role in promoting the deployment of advanced reactors by providing funding, streamlining regulatory processes, and incentivising cogeneration projects. Cross-sectoral collaboration between the nuclear industry, energy-intensive industries, and end-users is essential to develop and deploy hybrid energy systems that meet specific energy needs. Demonstration and pilot projects can showcase the feasibility and benefits of nuclear cogeneration, building confidence among stakeholders and accelerating adoption. Nuclear cogeneration supports sustainable development by providing clean, reliable, and affordable energy for multiple applications along with supportive policies and investments, which are critical to scaling up these solutions and realising their full potential.

The sustainability, safety, and societal acceptance of nuclear energy depend on fostering a well-informed, skilled, and engaged community of professionals and stakeholders. Empowering future generations through education, training, and transparent communication is essential to ensure the responsible development and deployment of nuclear technologies. This session explores strategies to bridge research, technology, and training excellence while engaging civil society to build public confidence and support for nuclear energy.

Education & Training, Knowledge Management and Knowledge Preservation are critical. Curriculum development should integrate nuclear science and technology into educational curricula at all levels, from primary schools to universities, to cultivate interest and expertise in the field. Specialised STEM training programmes, advanced training programmes for nuclear professionals, focusing on safety, innovation, and operational excellence are developed. Implementing a Training Passport’ to standardise and recognise nuclear training and qualifications across borders, would facilitate the mobility of the workforce and enable impactful collaborations. E-Learning platforms are rising, leveraging digital tools to provide accessible and flexible learning opportunities for students and professionals, within Europe and worldwide.

Mobility and talent exchange benefit from international programmes that enable students, researchers, and professionals to gain experience in different countries, fostering cross-cultural collaboration and knowledge sharing. Talent exchange initiatives encourage partnerships between nuclear organisations, research institutions, and industries to facilitate the exchange of expertise and best practices. EU added value and inclusive access policies are developed to ensure equitable and impactful access to training, research, and career opportunities.

Research infrastructures open access benefit collaborative research promoting the use of shared research infrastructures to advance nuclear science and technology while encouraging international cooperation. Public-Private Partnerships strengthen collaboration between governments, academia, and industry to drive innovation and address societal challenges.

Bridging research, technology, and training excellence through interdisciplinary approaches encourages collaboration between nuclear science and other disciplines, such as engineering and technology, environmental science, and social sciences, to address today’s challenges. Innovation Hubs and Centers of Excellence bring together researchers, industry leaders, and policymakers to drive innovation and technology transfer. Mentorship programmes connect experienced professionals with young talent to foster skill development and career growth.

Public engagement and stakeholder involvement entails transparent communication, providing clear, accurate, and accessible information about nuclear energy to address public concerns and misconceptions. Stakeholder dialogues are enabled through organising forums and workshops to engage stakeholders, including local communities, policymakers, and NGOs. Building public confidence relies upon demonstrating the safety, sustainability, and benefits of nuclear energy. Evidence-based communication and actual examples ensure that diverse perspectives are considered in decision-making processes.

Infrastructures need sustainable and secure long-term funding for nuclear research, education, and infrastructure itself to support the development of a skilled workforce and advanced technologies. Encouraging investment from both public and private sectors ensure the growth and sustainability of nuclear RD&D programmes. Partnerships leverage international cooperation to pool resources and share the costs of developing and maintaining nuclear infrastructures.

Empowering future generations strongly relies upon Youth outreach, engaging young people through initiatives such as science and fun fairs, internships, and nuclear energy awareness campaigns to inspire the next generation of nuclear professionals. Providing leadership training and mentorship to prepare future leaders in the nuclear sector is very successful. It is also by promoting diversity in the nuclear workforce by encouraging participation from underrepresented groups and ensuring equal opportunities for all will be key to achieving these goals and securing the role of nuclear energy in the global energy mix.

This session will explore how addressing social, ethical, and cultural factors can enhance Europe’s transition to a carbon-neutral economy by 2050 to ensure inclusivity, justice, and a sustainable future. It will focus on strategies to integrate equity, public health, education, community engagement, and cross-cultural collaboration into policy frameworks and practical actions.

Addressing the challenge of energy affordability and access, and energy poverty through subsidies, energy efficiency programmes, or clean energy initiatives is needed. Equity and inclusivity in the transition to a carbon-neutral economy are fundamental. Intergenerational equity clearly ask to balance the needs of current and future generations by prioritising long-term sustainability over short-term gains. A Just Transition should ensure that the shift to a carbon-neutral economy does not disproportionately affect vulnerable communities, workers in fossil industries, or low-income households. Strategies include reskilling programmes, social safety nets, and targeted investments in the affected regions.

Public health and climate justice benefit from highlighting how climate action can improve public health outcomes e.g., reducing air pollution, promoting active transportation. Climate policies should nevertheless not exacerbate existing social inequalities and benefits of climate action should be shared equitably.

Education, awareness, and climate literacy requires integrating climate change education into school curricula and public awareness campaigns to empower individuals to make informed decisions. Leveraging cultural and social norms should encourage sustainable behaviours, such as reducing energy consumption and supporting circular economy practices. Local solutions should recognise the unique cultural, social, and economic contexts of different regions, and empower local communities to develop tailored solutions, to foster shared understanding and collective action.

Policy integration and cross-sectoral approaches should promote holistic policies, developing integrated policies that address social, economic, and environmental dimensions simultaneously (e.g., linking carbon pricing with social equity measures). Economic incentives should include using tools like carbon pricing, green subsidies, and tax incentives to drive sustainable practices while ensuring affordability and accessibility for all.

Monitoring, evaluation, and accountability, incorporating social and governance criteria into corporate and governmental decision-making should ensure accountability and transparency. Impact assessments should regularly evaluate the social and cultural impacts of climate policies, identify and address unintended consequences.

International Cooperation and Partnerships allow knowledge sharing between Member States and other countries, International Organisations, or NGOs, but also sharing of best practices, resources, and technologies. Supporting developing nations in their climate efforts through financial aid, technology transfer, and capacity-building initiatives are enhancing global solidarity.

Public perception and trust, transparent communication relies upon engaging with the public through clear, transparent communication about the benefits and challenges of the transition to a carbon-neutral economy. Building trust needs addressing misinformation and fostering trust in institutions through participatory decision-making and inclusive governance.

Europe must lead by example in addressing social, ethical, and cultural factors in its pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals. By prioritising equity, inclusivity, and justice, we can build a carbon-neutral economy that benefits all, leaving no one behind. Let us work together to create a sustainable future for generations to come.

To address the talent gap in the nuclear sector by fostering cooperation across education, training, workforce development, and international collaboration, this session will explore strategies to attract, retain, and empower a diverse and skilled workforce, ensuring the preservation of knowledge and expertise for a sustainable and innovative nuclear industry.

Education and Training, specialised curriculum developed and implementing nuclear-specific educational programmes at universities, research and technical institutes will equip students with the necessary knowledge and skills. Providing hands-on experience is key through internships, apprenticeships, and partnerships with industry stakeholders. Lifelong Learning encourages continuous education and professional development to keep the workforce updated on the latest technologies and practices.  Workforce development, reskilling programmes offer reskilling opportunities for workers transitioning from other industries to the nuclear sector. Attracting new talents is also fostered by implementing outreach programmes to attract young people and career changers to the nuclear field, highlighting its importance and real opportunities, creating clear career progression paths to retain talent and provide motivation for long-term engagement in the sector.

International cooperation facilitates international programme exchanges for students, researchers, and professionals sharing knowledge and best practices. Joint research initiatives promote collaborative research projects between countries, institutions, and industry players to drive innovation and address common challenges. Global standards work towards harmonising educational and professional standards to facilitate global mobility and cooperation. Mentoring and networking establish initiatives pairing experienced professionals with newcomers to provide guidance, support, and knowledge transfer. Professional networks develop and support networks and associations that connect nuclear professionals across different regions and specialisations.

Promoting diversity and inclusion policies, gender balance, ethnic diversity, and inclusion of underrepresented groups in the nuclear sector is rising and a welcoming environment for all employees should be ensured. Fostering Innovation encourages entrepreneurial thinking and innovation through incubators, grants, and competitions that support new ideas and technologies. Strategic planning equips managers with the tools and knowledge to plan strategically for workforce needs and technological advancements.

Public awareness and outreach initiatives engaging with the public through school programmes, open days, and media campaigns to demystify nuclear technology will highlight its benefits. Involving local communities in discussions and decision-making processes related to nuclear projects build trust and support. Clear and transparent communication will also benefit to career opportunities in the nuclear sector to attract, retain, and empower the next generation of nuclear professionals

This session will highlight how successful initiatives in nuclear research, development, and innovation (RDI) within the European Union, in strategic planning, collaboration, EU added value, stakeholder engagement, and robust funding have driven technological advancements, enhanced safety, and improved public acceptance of nuclear technologies in Europe.

Strategic planning and alignment help a European-wide vision to happen through the development of strategies supporting an alignment between national and EU-level goals for nuclear RDI, ensuring synergy and avoiding duplication of efforts. Creation of long-term Strategic Research Roadmaps that outline key milestones, technological priorities, and expected outcomes for nuclear innovation are very valuable. And their integration in policymaking ensures that nuclear RDI strategies are integrated to a certain extent with broader energy, climate, and industrial and competitiveness policies.

Effective collaboration and coordination and cross-border Public-Private Partnerships can be illustrated by examples of successful collaborations between EU/Euratom Member States, research institutions, and industry players. European Technology Platforms (ETIPs) play their role in fostering innovation and setting strategic research agendas. Industrial Alliances case studies have driven technological advancements and commercialisation of nuclear technologies. Stakeholder engagement, inclusive participation, engaging a wide range of stakeholders, including policymakers, researchers, industry representatives, and civil society, in the RDI process is capitalised. Public involvement strategies exist for involving the public in nuclear RDI projects to build trust and acceptance. Feedback mechanisms establish channels for continuous feedback and dialogue with stakeholders to refine and improve RDI initiatives. Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are developed and the use of KPIs helps to track progress, measure the success of RDI projects and make necessary adjustments in full transparent and accountable manner.

Robust funding and resource allocation, through EU and Euratom Funding Programmes gives an overview of successful projects funded such as Horizon Europe or Euratom. Public-Private Partnerships have leveraged both public and private investments and resource optimisation strategies help optimise the allocation of resources to maximise the impact of RDI initiatives.

Innovation and demonstration, case studies of successful pilot projects have demonstrated new nuclear technologies or processes and scaled up successful innovations from pilot projects to full-scale implementation, where knowledge transfer and best practices from RDI projects to industry and other stakeholders were promoted.

Successful projects include the Jules Horowitz Reactor (JHR, FR), MYRRHA Project (BE) and PALLAS reactor (NL), three research reactor projects demonstrating advanced nuclear technologies and applications in medicine, industry, and research but also ITER Fusion Project (FR), a collaborative international project aiming to demonstrate the feasibility of fusion as a carbon-free source of energy. Horizon 2020 Projects, various projects funded under the Horizon 2020 program that have advanced nuclear safety, waste management, and reactor technologies. EURATOM EURAD-2 (European Partnership on Radioactive Waste Management), CONNECT-NM (European Partnership in Nuclear (fission) Materials), PIANOFORTE (European Partnership in radiation protection and medical applications) and large-scale projects OFFERR (Open Access to nuclear R&D infrastructures), ENEN2Plus (transnational E&T and mobility actions) and EUROfusion Partnership (implementing the fusion roadmap). The European Alliance on SMRs to promote the development and deployment of SMRs in Europe. And European projects providing medical radioisotopes using advanced nuclear technologies, showcasing the societal benefits of nuclear RDI.

The success stories in nuclear RDI within the EU demonstrate the potential for technological advancements, enhanced safety, and public acceptance. By learning from these successes and adopting best practices, we can continue to drive innovation and achieve the EU's energy and climate goals. Let us work together to build on these achievements and create a sustainable and innovative future for nuclear technology in Europe.

This session will highlight the role of advanced technologies, regulatory frameworks, and international collaboration in ensuring the safe, secure, and sustainable use of nuclear energy, in Europe and globally.

Achieving Safety, Security, and Safeguards by Design is an integrated approach applying all regulatory guidelines and safety principles from the initial design phase of nuclear facilities and technologies. Utilising advanced materials and engineering techniques enhance the resilience and safety of nuclear reactors. Leveraging digital technologies such as AI, machine learning, and cybersecurity measures improve safety and security. Implementing robust non-proliferation measures prevent the misuse of nuclear materials and technologies. Strengthening cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) ensures the compliance with international safeguards agreements. The role of the European Safeguards Research and Development Association (ESARDA) in advancing safeguards technologies and methodologies will be highlighted.

Nuclear Research and Innovation toward Reactor Systems, Radioactive Waste Management and Radiation Protection, enhance the safety, operation and efficiency of existing nuclear reactors, but also help explore the potential of Advanced and Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) to provide safe, flexible, and cost-effective nuclear power, and support investigations in the development and deployment of Generation-IV reactors, offering enhanced safety, sustainability, and efficiency.

The European Nuclear Safety Regulators Group (ENSREG) and the Western European Nuclear Regulators Association (WENRA) play a key role in harmonising safety standards and practices. Today, Europe benefits from the common implementation of key EU/Euratom directives, such as the Nuclear Safety Directive, the Radioactive Waste Management Directive, and the Basic Safety Standards (BSS) Directive, aligning with IAEA safety standards and guidelines to ensure global best practices.

The contribution of nuclear energy to climate change mitigation by providing a stable, low-carbon energy source is widely acknowledged. Innovative solutions, research and innovation efforts help reduce the environmental impact of nuclear activities, including advanced radioactive waste management and recycling technologies. Technological advancements enhance safety, innovations in reactor design, materials, and safety systems to prevent accidents and mitigate their consequences. Technologies that improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of nuclear power generation are developed. Cross-border Partnerships collaborative R&I projects between Member States, research institutions and industry help sharing knowledge, resources, and best practices.

International Cooperation and the role of the Generation-IV International Forum (GIF) in advancing next-generation nuclear technologies help building global partnerships with other countries, including International Organisations, and industry stakeholders to address common challenges and opportunities. The safe, secure, and sustainable use of nuclear energy is critical to meeting future energy demands and addressing climate change. By investing in research and innovation, strengthening regulatory frameworks, and fostering international collaboration, we can overcome challenges and unlock the full potential of nuclear energy, to ensure a safe, secure, and sustainable nuclear future for Europe and the world.

This session will focus on strategies to mitigate risks, secure financing, and ensure robust project management, thereby enhancing the chances of project success and long-term sustainability by exploring innovative investment and financial models that can support nuclear research, innovation, and demonstration projects.

Mitigating risks in International nuclear research collaborations needs addressing differences in cultural and political contexts that can impact collaboration and the project execution. Strategies include fostering mutual understanding, establishing clear communication channels, and aligning goals and expectations. It also needs identifying and mitigating financial risks such as cost overruns, funding shortfalls, potential design evolutions, or even currency fluctuations. Techniques include a thorough financial planning, contingency funds, risk-sharing agreements, and the development of comprehensive risk management frameworks that encompass identification, assessment, mitigation, and monitoring of risks throughout the entire project lifecycle.

Securing financing for nuclear projects call to exploring diverse funding sources, including government grants, banking loans, private sector investment, and international financial institutions. Leveraging national and international government programmes that will provide grants and low-interest loans for nuclear R&D and demonstration projects is critical. Attracting the private sector investment through clear value propositions, risk mitigation strategies, and potential returns on investment is needed.

Innovative financing models recommend Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) to be established to share risks and rewards between public and private entities, leveraging the strengths of both sectors. Utilising incubators and accelerators to support early-stage nuclear innovations, providing funding and equity, mentorship, and resources to bring ideas to market is growing strongly (e.g. European Innovation Council (EIC)). The latest is engaging institutional investors such as venture capitals, pension funds, and insurance companies, to provide long-term capital for demonstration or large-scale nuclear projects. It also foresees leveraging the European Investment Bank (EIB) and other international financial institutions to secure financing for nuclear innovation and demonstration projects.

Small Modular Reactor (SMR) projects (e.g., Nuward, Newcleo, etc.) that utilise PPPs and innovative financing models to bring advanced nuclear technologies to market are nicely progressing. The ‘European Industrial Alliance on SMRs’ promoting the development and deployment of SMRs in Europe by early 2030s should benefit from the launch of Important Project of Common European Interest (IPCEIs) which may represent a significant opportunity to benefitting from State Aid and Green Taxonomy Allowances, complementing Public-Private partnerships, in contribution to economic growth, jobs, the green and digital transition and competitiveness for the Union industry and economy.

Horizon Europe and Euratom projects funded nuclear R&D projects have demonstrated effective risk management and secured diverse and relevant funding sources towards innovation and demonstration.

The successful execution of nuclear innovation and demonstration projects requires pioneering and continuous investment and financial models that mitigate risks and secure necessary financing. By fostering international cooperation, leveraging innovative financing models, and implementing robust risk management frameworks, we can enhance the chances of project success and contribute to the safe, secure, and sustainable use of nuclear energy, to unlock the full potential of nuclear innovation and demonstration for a sustainable energy future.

Innovation in industrial technology exceeds traditional boundaries, enabling transformative applications across high-tech sectors such as aerospace, nuclear, space exploration, aviation, maritime, communication technology, computer and automated business equipment, semiconductors, lasers, particle accelerators, or medicine etc. While nuclear technology has historically driven innovation, advancements from non-nuclear industries are increasingly contributing to the nuclear sector. These cross-sectoral innovations enhance efficiency, safety, public perception, and overall effectiveness, while addressing key challenges and supporting nuclear energy's role in a sustainable energy future and nuclear science applications.

Key cross-sectoral innovation areas include Additive Manufacturing and 3D printing, widely used in aerospace and automotive industries, which would revolutionising potentially the future production of complex nuclear components, such as fuel assemblies and reactor parts. 3D printing reduces material waste, shortens production timelines, and enables the creation of customised components that could improve reactor performance and safety. Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, prevalent in smart and industrial automation, are being integrated into nuclear facilities for real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and data-driven decision-making. IoT should enhance operational safety, reduce downtime and optimise resource utilisation, and contribute to more reliable and efficient nuclear power generation and nuclear science applications.

Innovations from space exploration, aviation, and maritime industries are being adapted for use in nuclear facilities, and vice versa to conventional industrial applications, such as advanced materials, robotics, and remote sensing. These technologies improve the resilience of nuclear infrastructure, enable remote operations in hazardous environments. Development will also benefit small modular reactors (SMRs) and diverse applications. Circular economy and sustainable practices emphasize resource efficiency and minimisation of radioactive waste, as such they are being applied to innovative nuclear fuel cycles and decommissioning processes. They help minimise environmental impact, reduce long-term liabilities, and enhance public acceptance of nuclear energy as a green innovation and fully embedded in the EU Taxonomy Delegated Act.

Lessons learned from regulatory frameworks in other high-tech industries, such as aviation and healthcare, are stimulating the development of adaptive and risk-informed nuclear regulations, fostering innovation while maintaining the highest safety standards, enabling the deployment of advanced nuclear technologies and facilitating international cooperation. Cross-industry applications position nuclear energy as a cutting-edge solution for clean energy transitions and global competitiveness are key to realising this potential.

This session explores the mechanisms and benefits of open access to research infrastructures and international cooperation in the nuclear field essential for advancing nuclear research, development and demonstration. By leveraging strategic partnerships, promoting mobility and knowledge exchange, and supporting joint infrastructure hubs, the nuclear sector can enhance its research capabilities, accelerate innovation, and strengthen the EU's position in the global energy market.

Key components of the European and Euratom research infrastructures and international cooperation rely upon identifying key research infrastructures, mapping and prioritising critical ones within Europe and internationally, unique research infrastructures that support nuclear innovation, research reactors, hot laboratories, experimental loops, complementing nuclear and non-nuclear laboratories, simulation platforms, accelerators, or underground research laboratories, etc. It ensures that resources are allocated to facilities with the highest potential, and available (or not) to drive breakthroughs in nuclear science, engineering and technology. Enhancing and sharing infrastructure capabilities, upgrading existing infrastructures and promoting shared use maximise their utilisation and strongly impact the building of a true European Research Area. It helps reducing duplication of efforts, optimising resource allocation, and enables researchers and scientists to access state-of-the-art facilities. Ultimately, funding and resources support help secure a sustainable funding for research infrastructures through MS/EU/Euratom programmes, national contributions and public-private partnerships, ensuring a long-term viability of infrastructures and support to cutting-edge research projects.

Strategic planning such as the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) and facilitating access by developing strategic roadmaps guide the development and use of research infrastructures, ensuring equitable access for researchers across Europe. It promotes inclusivity and enables researchers from diverse backgrounds to contribute to nuclear innovation. Bilateral and multilateral Agreements established between EU member states and international partners facilitate collaboration on nuclear research and sharing of infrastructures. They strengthen global networks, fosters knowledge exchange, and supports joint research addressing global challenges. Encouraging the mobility and transnational exchange of researchers, engineers, and students across borders through exchange programmes and collaborative projects. It enhances development of skills, fosters cross-cultural understanding, and accelerates the transfer of knowledge and expertise. Hands-On training and Knowledge Transfer provide training opportunities at research infrastructures to equip the next generation of nuclear professionals with practical skills. It builds a skilled workforce capable of driving innovation and addressing future challenges in the nuclear sector.

Benefits of Open Access and International Cooperation, shared infrastructures and collaborative research enable faster development of new technologies and solutions. Pooling resources and expertise reduce costs and maximises the impact of investments. Strengthening international partnerships positions the EU as a leader in nuclear research and innovation. Training and knowledge transfer programmes ensure capacity building and a steady pipeline of talent for the nuclear sector. By addressing global challenges, collaborative efforts enable the nuclear sector to contribute to global goals such as climate change mitigation and sustainable energy development.

Great benefits are acknowledged from international cooperation and multilateral initiatives between EURATOM, EU Member States, and International Organisations. They should systematically be capitalised, from HFR to PALLAS e.g. OECD/NEA FIDES (Framework for Irradiation Experiments), OECD/NEA NEST (Nuclear Education, Skills and Technology), IAEA ICERR (International Centre based on Research Reactors labelled by IAEA could help further cooperation), together with IAEA CRPs, IAEA ETKM and Generation-IV International Forum (GIF) working groups. One should therefore capitalise any opportunity within the newly launched Euratom CONNECT-NM Partnership in Nuclear (fission) Materials, EURAD-2 (Partnership in Radioactive Waste Management), PIANOFORTE (Partnership in radiation protection and medical applications) and large-scale projects OFFERR (Open Access to nuclear R&D infrastructures), ENEN2Plus (transnational E&T and mobility actions), Open Access to JRC facilities and EUROfusion Partnership (implementing the fusion roadmap). The launch in 2024 of a European Industrial Alliance on SMRs (and IPCEIs benefitting Public-Private partnerships and State Aid support) should be a real opportunity complementing EURATOM Research framework programmes to focus on accelerating the deployment of existing and future reactor technologies early 2030s, ensuring a strong European supply chain, and including a skilled workforce.

Challenges and Opportunities exist in the complexity of coordination and aligning the interests of multiple stakeholders across different countries and require robust governance frameworks. Ensuring sustained funding (relevant for operations and upgrades, without gaps etc.) for research infrastructures and collaborative projects remains a real challenge. Differences in national regulations can hinder cross-border collaboration and sharing, and time to access critical infrastructures. Opportunities for synergies between scientific disciplines should be grasped and enable cross-cutting nuclear research (e.g., materials science, digital and AI platforms, energy and non-energy cross-cutting applications, health and medical, science, technology and engineering) as they can unlock new opportunities for innovation.

Overall, open access to European research infrastructures and a robust international cooperation are vital for advancing nuclear research and innovation. By fostering collaboration, optimising resources, and promoting knowledge exchange, the EU can strengthen its nuclear sector, drive technological breakthroughs, and contribute to a sustainable energy future. Strategic planning, sustained funding, and inclusive policies will be key to realising the full potential of these efforts.